Tens of millions voted on Sunday (12) in the penultimate round of India's increasingly bad-tempered election, with all eyes on the coveted capital New Delhi after an ugly campaign of slaps and savage pamphlets.
India's almost-seven week election, the biggest on Earth with prime minister Narendra Modi seeking a new term from the 900 million voters, wraps up next Sunday with results due on May 23.
Notoriously unreliable opinion polls put Modi, 68, as favourite but likely with a reduced majority, with the vote seen as a referendum on the Hindu nationalist's five years in power in the world's biggest democracy.
Modi has sought to deflect opposition attacks on his economic record by striking a fiercely patriotic tone following February's bust-up with Pakistan, portraying himself as India's "chowkidar" or "watchman".
He has also sought to turn the tables on corruption allegations levelled by Rahul Gandhi of the opposition Congress party with claims Rahul's assassinated father Rajiv used a Navy ship for a family holiday in 1988.
"Narendra Modi used hate and we used love and I think love is about to win (this election). We will respect whatever people decide," Gandhi, 48, told reporters as he voted in Delhi on Sunday.
- Common man -
Fifty-nine seats were up for grabs across the country of 1.3 billion people on Sunday on the sixth voting day, with just over 100 million Indians eligible to cast ballots.
The tussle for Delhi is front and centre, with all eyes on chief minister Arvind Kejriwal, whose Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) -- or Common Man party -- was formed seven years ago on an anti-corruption platform.
It has since taken control of Delhi's regional government and is fighting to add to its four seats in India's lower house of parliament.
"More schools need to be built," said Delhi voter Purvek Shah. "And my other big concern is air pollution in Delhi. We see that Delhi has one of the worst pollution levels."
Kejriwal, a tax commissioner turned campaigner, has suffered more than most in India's notoriously rough-and-tumble political bullring.
Since 2013 and his first term as Delhi chief minister, the 50-year-old has been the target of at least seven attacks, including when his car was set upon by a mob with iron rods.
In November his face was smeared with chilli powder inside the Delhi government building. Last week a man climbed onto the open top car Kejriwal was campaigning in and slapped him.
AAP candidate Atishi Marlena broke down in tears last week after a vicious anonymous pamphlet accused her of being a prostitute and of having sex with a fellow teacher.
Both Atishi and Kejriwal accused Gautam Gambhir, a former international cricketer and candidate for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), of being behind the pamphlet. He vociferously denied it.
"People of Delhi have been fooled by a bunch of no-gooders who promised a new kind of politics. But they have become synonymous with anarchy and obstructionism," Modi told a Delhi rally on Wednesday.
- Bengal battleground -
Voting also took place on Sunday in the eastern state of West Bengal, another key battleground where chief minister Mamata Banerjee and her Trinamool Congress party are seeking to stop Modi.
The state -- home to some 90 million people -- has long been a hotbed of political violence, and authorities on Sunday drafted in tens of thousands of extra security forces.
At least one of the state's constituencies is in an area prone to attacks by Maoist rebels, who on May 1 killed 15 Indian elite commandos and their driver in the western state of Maharashtra.
"We are scared to cast our votes because of violence," Sabita Mondal, a voter of Ghatal constituency, told AFP by telephone, "Many voters preferred to stay indoor fearing troubles."
On Sunday police with batons charged, after locals pelted vehicles carrying BJP candidate Bharati Ghosh and her security staff with stones, authorities said.
"I was pushed and assaulted by some women supporters of the Trinamool Congress when I went to polling booth in my constituency," Ghosh said.
The internet has also been a key arena in the election, with all parties, particularly the BJP, devoting major resources to social media -- including through fake news, experts say.
Police in recent days detained a BJP activist after she posted a meme superimposing Banerjee's head on a picture of Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra at the Met Gala in New York.
