India on Saturday (1) launched its biggest ever fiscal reform with the government promising that a new nationwide tax would make the economy stronger and less corrupt, but businesses are nervous about the revolution.
The new goods and services tax (GST) replaces more than a dozen levies imposed nationally and by the 29 states. It aims to transform the nation of 1.3 billion people and its $2 trillion economy into a single market.
Prime minister Narendra Modi held a special midnight session of parliament to launch GST which he called "a good and simple tax".
"With GST, the dream of one India, great India, will come true," the prime minister said.
"GST is a simple, transparent system which prevents generation of black money and curbs corruption," said Modi, who jolted the country last year by withdrawing more than 85 per cent of India's bank notes from circulation in a clampdown on under-the-table dealings.
But the prime minister, who has put huge efforts into the economy as he targets re-election in 2019, acknowledged there would be teething troubles.
Jammu and Kashmir state has refused to sign onto the one tax regime. GST has sparked protests by traders, while the main opposition Congress Party boycotted the launch ceremony.
Businesses are nervous about GST, which sets out four different rates of between five and 28 per cent instead of the one originally envisioned.
The GST rule book runs to more than 200 pages and last-minute changes were still being made late Friday (30).
It allows local authorities to impose some taxes. The first fallout was seen Saturday when the southern state of Tamil Nadu announced a 30 per cent levy on movie tickets, in addition to the 28 per cent GST fee.
All 969 movie cinemas in the state will close from Monday (3) in protest, M. Subramanian, president of a regional theatre owners association, said.
"Because of this we will lose customers and it will encourage illegal downloads of movies," he said. "We will continue the strike till this 30 per cent tax is removed."
"That's the risk you have when you don't subsume all the taxes," said Pratik Jain, Partner and Leader Indirect Tax, PwC India. "It defeats the purpose of one tax."
Other sectors were hit as well with a higher tax rate.
Lighting store Kherati Lall Sons in central Delhi was empty Saturday afternoon.
"Taxes have gone up for us from 12.5 per cent to 28 per cent," company director Shanti Kumar Rakyan said. "This is a huge change and it's really going to hit our sales."
But business was booming for the transport companies.
An executive for logistics company Rivigo in Mumbai, who declined to be named, said clients had asked them to ensure that the goods reached their warehouses before midnight when the new tax would kick in.
Textile traders and other sectors went on strike ahead of the launch and many businesses say they are unclear about what to charge.
Bhartiya Udyog Vyapar Mandal, a national traders association that claims 60 million members, called a one-day strike Friday to protest the GST.
Many are worried because while returns have to be filed by computer, they do not have or do not understand the technology.
"Since August last year we have put forward our demands on GST but the government has never responded," national secretary general Vijay Prakash Jain said. "We told the government, either fix this, or we will strike."
Most economists agree the reform -- first proposed in 2006 -- is long overdue, but warn of an initial shock to the economy as businesses adjust.
Credit Suisse managing director in India Neelkanth Mishra warned that "the next few months will be a period of uncertainty in which no company would want to invest, that slows down the investment cycle and acts as a drag on the economy."
