This all-encompassing guide delves into the most recent breakthroughs in animal-based research studies focusing on peptides that may have the potential to improve gut function, besides the following:
Possibly lowering the inflammation in the intestines
Possibly facilitating the repair and regeneration of the gut
Possibly preventing the development of ulcers
Explore gut function and peptide research as this article delves into the mechanisms, potential, and properties of the most noteworthy peptide-based adjuvants. Learn more about these compounds by reading this article.
BPC-157 Peptide
BPC-157 is a pentadecapeptide synthesized in the 1990s. It is known amongst researchers for its purported potential to promote healing in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. It has been hypothesized to interact with vasodilators, growth factors, vascularization, and neurotransmitter receptors. It has been speculated that BPC-157 may enhance the healing process after gastrointestinal surgery (anastomosis healing), alleviate short bowel syndrome, and protect against ulcers.
KPV Peptide
KPV, which stands for lysine-proline-valine, is a portion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) located in the C-terminal region. It may have anti-inflammatory properties in various tissues, including digestive tract cell cultures and murine colitis models. According to the theory, it seems to do this by inhibiting the multiplication of immune cells and the production of inflammatory mediators. Research indicates a reduction in inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis examples.
VIP Peptide
It is believed that Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), which is a naturally occurring peptide consisting of 28 residues and belonging to the secretin/glucagon family, is a neurotransmitter that might control some of the processes of the gut, such as acid secretion and motility. It was discovered in 1970 and is generated by nerve and immune cells. It has been theorized to act on the digestive system as well as other parts of the body. Studies suggest that it may have an anti-inflammatory effect, making it a possible research candidate in the context of colitis.
Research Peptides: What are they?
Research suggests that peptides are important chemical compounds found in all living creatures. They comprise around fifty amino acids connected by peptide bonds, often arranged linearly. Peptides may be similar to proteins, except that proteins have longer chains of amino acids.
Investigations purport that peptides, despite their relatively tiny size, might be involved in a wide variety of physiological activities at an essential level. Because they may particularly target receptors, they have become an important topic of attention in research. Recent developments in peptide synthesis have aimed to produce analogs of endogenous molecules while simultaneously enhancing these compounds' stability, selectivity, and effectiveness.
Peptides and Gut Function
There is a possibility that research peptides might be practical in alleviating a variety of inflammatory disorders that are associated with the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract. These conditions include ulcerative colitis and gastritis. In addition, findings imply that several chemicals may potentially hasten the healing process in many areas of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine (after successful surgical resection). The following is a list of probable ways by which peptides may assist in the improvement of the ailments that were previously mentioned:
Through the modulation of NO levels, healing peptides like BPC-157 have been proposed as a potential means of enhancing the healing process of the esophagus and stomach. An increase in blood flow and the development of new blood vessels are effects of the vasodilator known as NO.
BPC-157 has been hypothesized to prevent stomach ulcers by interacting with dopamine and adrenaline signaling pathways.
By inhibiting the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor-necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma, the anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV has been theorized to help decrease inflammation in the digestive tract, primarily in the large intestine (in models of ulcerative colitis).
According to research, a different peptide known as ARA-290 seems to potentially reduce TNF-alpha levels in colitis models, resulting in anti-inflammatory properties.
ARA-290 Peptide
Cibinetide and helix B surface peptide (HBSP) is another name for ARA-290, a synthetic example of a peptide consisting of 11 amino acids. The helix B section of erythropoietin (EPO) that interacts with the innate repair receptor (IRR) is the unique portion of EPO intended to be replicated by this particular apparatus. In contrast to EPO, the peptide has been speculated to have a specific affinity for the IRR, which might allow it to perform its function without causing erythropoiesis to be induced.
ARA-290 has been subjected to thorough evaluation in research studies, which have indicated its potential and efficacy in reducing issues linked to type 2 diabetes and small-fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis.
Preclinical research using mouse models of colonic inflammation has ascertained that it might inhibit the activation of macrophages and lower the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.
LL-37 Peptide
LL-37, sometimes called cationic antimicrobial peptide 18 (hCAP18), is the only cathelicidin composed of 37 amino acids. It is an element of the innate immune response, derived from the CAMP gene and responsible for its production. By breaking the cell membranes of bacteria, LL-37 suggests antibacterial capabilities that are speculated to be effective against a wide range of bacteria.
It is believed that LL-37 may have a role in mucosal defense in the gut. The fact that it is expressed in normal gastric tissue and increased in response to infections such as Helicobacter pylori is evidence of its function in the gastrointestinal tract's immune system. Its potential is highlighted because the peptide has been hypothesized to have a bactericidal effect against H. pylori. This action might be practical in managing infections and disorders connected with them, such as gastritis and ulcers.
Research suggests that LL-37 may be a good candidate for targeted adjuvants to strengthen the gut's defensive systems against pathogens. Scientists speculate this is because it is specific, and its expression may increase during infection.
Visit corepeptides.com if you are a researcher interested in further studying peptides' potential in gut health. Please remember that none of the compounds mentioned in this article have been approved for human consumption and should not be acquired by unlicensed individuals.
References
[i] Jelovac, N., Sikirić, P., Rucman, R., Petek, M., Perović, D., Konjevoda, P., Marović, A., Seiwerth, S., Grabarević, Z., Sumajstorcić, J., Dodig, G., & Perić, J. (1998). A novel pentadecapeptide, BPC 157, blocks the stereotypy produced acutely by amphetamine and the development of haloperidol-induced supersensitivity to amphetamine. Biological psychiatry, 43(7), 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00277-1
[ii] Djakovic, Z., Djakovic, I., Cesarec, V., Madzarac, G., Becejac, T., Zukanovic, G., Drmic, D., Batelja, L., Zenko Sever, A., Kolenc, D., Pajtak, A., Knez, N., Japjec, M., Luetic, K., Stancic-Rokotov, D., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P. (2016). Esophagogastric anastomosis in rats: Improved healing by BPC 157 and L-arginine, aggravated by L-NAME. World journal of gastroenterology, 22(41), 9127–9140. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i41.912
[iii] Hsieh, M. J., Liu, H. T., Wang, C. N., Huang, H. Y., Lin, Y., Ko, Y. S., Wang, J. S., Chang, V. H., & Pang, J. S. (2017). Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany), 95(3), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y
[iv] Sikirić, P., Mazul, B., Seiwerth, S., Grabarević, Z., Rucman, R., Petek, M., Jagić, V., Turković, B., Rotkvić, I., Mise, S., Zoricić, I., Jurina, L., Konjevoda, P., Hanzevacki, M., Gjurasin, M., Separović, J., Ljubanović, D., Artuković, B., Bratulić, M., Tisljar, M., … Sumajstorcić, J. (1997). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 interactions with adrenergic and dopaminergic systems in mucosal protection in stress. Digestive diseases and sciences, 42(3), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018880000644
[v] Sikiric, P., Hahm, K. B., Blagaic, A. B., Tvrdeic, A., Pavlov, K. H., Petrovic, A., Kokot, A., Gojkovic, S., Krezic, I., Drmic, D., Rucman, R., & Seiwerth, S. (2020). Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, Robert's Stomach Cytoprotection/Adaptive Cytoprotection/Organoprotection, and Selye's Stress Coping Response: Progress, Achievements, and the Future. Gut and liver, 14(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl18490
[vi] Lojo, N., Rasic, Z., Zenko Sever, A., Kolenc, D., Vukusic, D., Drmic, D., Zoricic, I., Sever, M., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P. (2016). Effects of Diclofenac, L-NAME, L-Arginine, and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Brain Lesions, Failed Anastomosis, and Intestinal Adaptation Deterioration in 24 Hour-Short-Bowel Rats. PloS one, 11(9), e0162590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162590
[vii] Luger, T. A., & Brzoska, T. (2007). alpha-MSH related peptides: a new class of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 66 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), iii52–iii55. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.079780
[viii] Iwasaki, M., Akiba, Y., & Kaunitz, J. D. (2019). Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system. F1000Research, 8, F1000 Faculty Rev-1629. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18039.1
[ix] Lee, A. C., Harris, J. L., Khanna, K. K., & Hong, J. H. (2019). A Comprehensive Review on Current Advances in Peptide Drug Development and Design. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(10), 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102383
[x] Wang, L., Wang, N., Zhang, W., Cheng, X., Yan, Z., Shao, G., Wang, X., Wang, R., & Fu, C. (2022). Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 7(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022- 00904-4
They were the nurses, cleaners, activists, and everyday heroes who arrived in Britain with little more than courage and determination. Now in their 80s and 90s, six women who helped rebuild the UK after the Second World War are finally getting their due in Fearless, a powerful new documentary that brings their remarkable stories to the big screen.
Launching on Windrush Day (22 June), the film will tour select cinemas across London through July, with post-screening Q&As featuring the directors and cast. It celebrates the lives of Sheila Daniel, Aileen Edwards, Maggie Kelly, Anne Gaché, Nashattar Kang, and Nages Amirthananthar, women of Caribbean, Irish, and South Asian descent who came to Britain as part of the Windrush generation and beyond.
These women, once young migrants navigating hostility, isolation, and discrimination, found strength through solidarity and built lives that left a lasting impact. From taking part in historic strikes like Grunwick to surviving the aftermath of the Notting Hill riots, their personal journeys are woven into the wider political and social fabric of the country.
Drawing on rare archival footage and emotional interviews, Fearless preserves their legacy. But beyond that, it challenges the invisibility that has long plagued immigrant women in British history books. This is more than nostalgia, it is a necessary act of recognition.
A still from Fearless showing archive footage interwoven with first-person storiesMcasso/ Screengrab
Bold stories told by those who lived them
The documentary comes from husband-and-wife filmmaking duo Damian Paul Daniel, a BAFTA-nominated cinematographer, and Noella Mingo, a director of Guyanese-British heritage passionate about amplifying overlooked voices. Their production company, They’re Watching Us, focuses on stories that defy expectation, and Fearless is no exception.
Screenings are scheduled at The Rio in Dalston (22 June), Bertha Dochouse (29 June), Genesis in Whitechapel (1 July), and The Lexi in Kensal Rise (16 July). Each screening includes a post-film conversation with the team.
At its heart, Fearless is a tribute to courage, resilience, and the quiet force of women who shaped a nation, even when history tried to forget them.
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Debris of Air India flight 171 is pictured after it crashed in a residential area near the airport in Ahmedabad on June 13, 2025. (Photo: Getty Images)
INVESTIGATORS have recovered the black box from the site of Thursday’s Air India crash in Ahmedabad, where a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner bound for London’s Gatwick airport went down shortly after takeoff, killing at least 265 people, including those on the ground.
The aircraft issued a mayday call shortly before crashing into a residential area around lunchtime. The plane had barely lifted 100 metres from the ground before it came down, with its tailpiece left protruding from the second floor of a hostel for medical staff from a nearby hospital.
Air India said the flight carried 242 people, including 169 Indian nationals, 53 British citizens, seven Portuguese nationals, one Canadian and 12 crew members. According to police, 265 bodies have been counted so far, including at least 24 on the ground. Authorities warned that the death toll could rise as more remains are recovered.
Deputy commissioner of police Kanan Desai confirmed the body count on Friday. Home Minister Amit Shah said in a statement that the official death toll would be announced after DNA testing is completed. Samples will also be collected from family members living abroad, he added.
A formal investigation has been launched by India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), aviation minister Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu said. The probe will follow International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) protocols. He said a high-level committee comprising experts from multiple disciplines was also being set up to examine the incident and improve aviation safety.
Visited the crash site in Ahmedabad today. The scene of devastation is saddening. Met officials and teams working tirelessly in the aftermath. Our thoughts remain with those who lost their loved ones in this unimaginable tragedy. pic.twitter.com/R7PPGGo6Lj — Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) June 13, 2025
Prime minister Narendra Modi visited the crash site on Friday and met survivor Vishwash Kumar Ramesh, a British national, at the hospital. Ramesh, who was injured in the crash, said, “Initially, I too thought that I was about to die, but then I opened my eyes and realised that I was still alive.”
“Everything happened in front of me, and even I couldn’t believe how I managed to come out alive from that,” he added. “Within a minute after takeoff, suddenly... it felt like something got stuck... I realised something had happened, and then suddenly the plane’s green and white lights turned on.”
Eyewitnesses said the nose and front wheel of the aircraft landed on a canteen where students were having lunch. Search and rescue teams worked through the night to locate the black box flight recorders, which are expected to provide vital information about the plane’s final moments.
The UK’s Air Accidents Investigation Branch has offered assistance to India, and the US National Transportation Safety Board will also help with the investigation. Boeing said it was supporting Air India and was “working to gather more information” on the crash.
(With inputs from agencies)
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The year 1975 was significant in Indian cinema for newly crowned superstar Amitabh Bachchan
The year 1975 was significant in Indian cinema for newly crowned superstar Amitabh Bachchan, as he starred in the two biggest films of that year, and also his career, Deewaar and Sholay.
These blockbusters cemented his position at the top. In between their releases came Mili, Hrishikesh Mukherjee’s decidedly different tearjerker.
Known for his non-starry social dramas, the acclaimed producer-director delivered a message-driven story about Mili (Jaya Bhaduri), a terminally ill but bubbly young woman, and the profound impact she has on those around her – including depressed alcoholic Shekhar, played by Bachchan. The real-life couple headlined a multi-layered film anchored by subtle, deeply emotive performances.
Eastern Eye marks 50 years of the underrated classic on June 20 by presenting the 10 best scenes from this story of hope, anguish and learning how to live.
Enter the grouch: Known for her pranks and cheerful attitude, Mili is taken aback by new neighbour Shekhar’s aloofness. His introduction, during the haunting Badi Sooni Sooni Hai song, shows him as a tormented alcoholic. It establishes the contrast between the two main characters – she smiles through life’s challenges, while he seeks refuge in alcohol.
Visual highlights from MiliRotten Tomatoes
Confrontation: Unable to understand Shekhar’s solitude and unfriendliness, Mili ropes in the children from their building to disturb his peace in protest. What begins as an immature territorial clash soon reveals Mili’s intuitive response to the darkness surrounding him. Her inner child recognises and challenges the negativity threatening their otherwise pleasant environment.
Their innocence and kindness melt his hardened exteriorIMDb
Compassion: After provoking Shekhar, the children apologise sincerely. Their innocence and kindness melt his hardened exterior, and he invites them, along with Mili, to play on his terrace. In the song Maine Kaha Phoolon Se, Shekhar, glass still in hand, watches them dance and smiles for the first time. The warmth of this moment even leads him to request tea instead of whisky in the next scene, to his servant’s delight.
Visual highlights from Mili
In the song Maine Kaha Phoolon SeIMDb
Crossroads: In a drunken breakdown, Shekhar slashes his wrist and is saved by Mili. For the first time, she shows visible anger and tears. Her outburst marks a new level of closeness in their friendship and signals the beginning of something deeper. In his vulnerable state, Shekhar is moved by Mili’s scolding – a sign of care he desperately craves.
The raw emotions of every characterInstagram/ hindifilimography
Romance: Shekhar’s growing vulnerability draws him closer to Mili. He begins confiding in her about childhood trauma, his mother, and the root of his pain. He is receptive of her solace and outlook on life. Their bond strengthens as they exchange notes when Mili falls ill. He experiences joy for the first time, unaware of the seriousness of her condition.
The heart-rending scene between father and daughterInstagram/ hindifilimography
Tragedy: The film reaches its most emotional point when Mili’s father (Ashok Kumar) learns that she has only days to live. The harrowing scenes that follow reveal the raw emotions of every character, from shock to grief to quiet acceptance. The heart-rending scene between father and daughter, with Kumar and Bhaduri in each other’s arms, delivers an emotional poignancy audiences can relate to.
The woman who taught him how to liveRotten Tomatoes
Role reversal: Initially unable to process the truth about Mili’s illness, Shekhar has a change of heart about leaving after confronting some hard realities. The woman who taught him how to live is dying, and he feels betrayed by fate. Determined not to give up, he sets out to explore every possible option that might offer her a chance of recovery.
He sets out to explore every possible option Rotten Tomatoes
Selfless love: Unaware that Shekhar already knows the truth, Mili urges her father not to tell him about her illness. Having changed him for the better, she fears that the news will undo his progress and send him back into despair. In that moment, she puts his well-being above her own.
Having changed him for the betterInstagram/ hindifilimography
Proposal: In the film’s penultimate scene, its message becomes clear – the purpose of life is happiness. Shekhar realises he can fulfil one of Mili’s dreams by marrying her. He proposes not out of pity or obligation, but love. Their decision to embrace a short but meaningful life together speaks volumes.
Fifty years later, those sentiments still ring trueInstagram/ hindifilimography
Farewell: The story, told in flashback, returns to its starting point as the newlyweds leave for Switzerland in search of a cure. Mili’s father waves to their aircraft, perhaps knowing she may never return. As the plane takes off, the audience is left with a lasting message – that hope should never die. Fifty years later, those sentiments still ring true.
Long-time casino patrons provide a variety of different opinions when asked about online slot machines. Some light up when talking about the convenience, while others give you a dismissive look as if you've insulted their top table dealer.
The physical pull of a casino
Several gamblers still prefer the experience of playing in a casino. They enjoy hearing coins clinking together and touching the button panel, as well as the unmistakable casino aroma that combines the scents of freshly cleaned carpet and subtle cologne with anticipation. It’s not just about the games. It’s about the ritual. The outing to the venue includes grabbing a drink and talking to regular patrons, along with possibly tipping the slot attendant. Together, these elements create an experience that feels solid and real.
Suggesting to someone who loves physical casinos that they play online slots feels like replacing their cherished Friday night tradition with a digital screen full of blinking lights. It’s just not the same. The absence of nearby jackpot sounds and physical machine interaction, combined with the lack of a bartender's smile makes online gambling different. The physical casino environment provides the joy, instead of simply betting comfortably from home.
The appeal of convenience and control
It would be incorrect to assume that traditional gamblers remain entirely bound to past methods of gambling. A growing number of players now enjoy online slot machines because they provide flexibility. You don’t need to travel. You don’t need to dress up. There is no need to wait in line for a machine to become available. Everything’s at your fingertips, 24/7. Just take a look at some of the most prominent reviews on OnlineSlot and see for yourself – many players praise the convenience that online slot machines bring.
The ability to maintain control plays a crucial role for these players. Select your game type and establish your own pace while enjoying the flexibility to play at your desired location and time. Traditional players who have endured long waits or crowded casino spaces experience online slot machines as liberating because they offer immediate access without physical constraints. Gamblers quickly become curious when they learn that online slots provide more themes and betting choices with advanced game features than local casinos can offer.
Trust issues with the digital world
Establishing trust presents the primary challenge for experienced gamblers who have not yet ventured into online gaming. Gamblers in front of a tangible machine develop a sense that they can witness the game as it unfolds before their eyes. They press the button. They see the reels spin. It’s all there, happening in real time, in a physical space.
Online? That’s a little murky. There’s software involved. Algorithms. Random number generators. People who aren't tech-savvy might become suspicious when they encounter online gaming systems. Is the game fair? Is the payout rate accurate? What happens if the app freezes mid-spin?
And that scepticism isn’t unfounded. Various dishonest websites and manipulated games gave certain areas of online gambling a negative reputation throughout the years. Despite meeting all the necessary licensing and regulation standards and undergoing audits, modern platforms still struggle to gain the trust of traditional gamblers. The conviction of these traditional gamblers against online platforms remains strong when they’ve endured one bad experience or heard multiple horror stories. These are the kinds of places you certainly don’t want to spend time at during your bank holidays.
Community and social vibes
Traditional slots players notice a significant difference between online and real-world machines through their social interactions with others. Casinos create their dynamic environment through social interactions as players observe others win, hear cheers for jackpot wins, and engage in conversations with new friends next to their slot machines.
Online slot machines predominantly provide an individual gaming experience. You’re spinning on your own. Online slots might have a leaderboard or chat features during promotions, but these digital interactions fall short of replicating the lively atmosphere of a packed casino floor. Some players don’t care. Others really miss that human connection.
Certain platforms have initiated trials for incorporating additional social features into their services. Live slot games, tournaments, and chat rooms attempt to recreate the social atmosphere of traditional casinos in a digital format. The solution isn't flawless, but it certainly marks progress towards improvement.
The bottom line
Traditional gamblers remain a diverse group with varying opinions. Online slot machines represent a convenient way for some people to continue enjoying their favourite game. Some people see online slot machines as a diluted form that lacks the personal touch of physical casinos. Online gambling may be only an occasional pastime for some who prefer traditional casino visits. A number of people have completely transitioned to the digital space, thanks to improved mobile app interfaces.
Online slot machines remain a permanent fixture in the industry, while they experience rapid development. Even though traditional gamers may remain unconvinced, online slots are gaining a significant presence that commands attention in the gambling industry. Online slots provide new offerings that cater to convenience and variety needs, and allow players to enjoy games from their couch, even appealing to traditional players.
And for those traditionalists still holding out? Who knows. A combination of a rainy weekend with a well-designed app and a smooth bonus round could persuade them to change their opinion.
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Narendra Modi meets family members of former Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani, who died after an Air India plane carrying him and 241 others crashed in Ahmedabad. (@narendramodi via PTI Photo)
INDIA's prime minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to his longtime colleague Vijay Rupani, the former Gujarat chief minister who died in Thursday's (12) devastating Air India plane crash in Ahmedabad.
Speaking after meeting Rupani's family on Friday (13), Modi said it was "unimaginable" that his old friend was no longer with them.
"I've known him for decades. We worked together, shoulder to shoulder, including during some of the most challenging times," the prime minister wrote on social media.
Modi described Rupani as "humble and hardworking, firmly committed to the party's ideology" and praised his rise through the ranks to serve as Gujarat's chief minister.
The 68-year-old BJP leader was among 242 people aboard the London-bound Air India flight that crashed into a medical college building moments after takeoff from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport on Thursday afternoon. Only one person survived the tragedy, which claimed 265 lives in total.
— (@)
Rupani was travelling to visit his daughter in London, where his wife Anjaliben was already staying. She returned to India on Friday morning.
The former chief minister had a peculiar connection to the crash date - he considered 1206 his lucky number and used it on all his vehicle registration plates throughout his career. The number has now become synonymous with his final journey on June 12 (12/6).
Rupani served as Gujarat's chief minister from August 2016 to September 2021, steering the state through challenging times including the Patidar community protests and the post-Covid recovery period. He stepped down in September 2021, making way for current chief minister Bhupendra Patel ahead of state elections.
FILE PHOTO: Vijay Rupani (L) with Narendra Modi (Photo: X/@narendramodi)
His political journey began in student activism with the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad during his college days. In 1975, he was jailed for a year in Bhavnagar for protesting against the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi's government.
He entered public service in 1987 as a Rajkot Municipal Corporation councillor and later became mayor. Between 2006 and 2012, he served as a Rajya Sabha member before Modi appointed him chairman of the Gujarat Municipal Finance Board.
As chief minister, Rupani launched the state Industrial Policy 2020 and championed tribal development initiatives. He was known for his composed manner and firm administrative style during his tenure.
After stepping down as chief minister, Rupani was appointed as the BJP's in-charge for Punjab, a role he held until his death.
The crash has sent shockwaves through Gujarat's political circles, where Rupani was respected across party lines for his dedication and service to the state over nearly three decades in public life.