Indian court sentences man to life for rape, murder of Irish woman
Vikat Bhagat was found guilty of the crime on Friday. McLaughlin’s family said in a statement that they and her friends were “thankful to the public prosecutor and the investigating officer for justice.”
McLaughlin, 28, from County Donegal, was found dead in a field in Goa in March 2017. (Photo credit: Twitter)
Vivek Mishra works as an Assistant Editor with Eastern Eye and has over 13 years of experience in journalism. His areas of interest include politics, international affairs, current events, and sports. With a background in newsroom operations and editorial planning, he has reported and edited stories on major national and global developments.
A COURT in India’s Goa state has sentenced a 31-year-old man to life in prison for the rape and murder of an Irish woman in 2017. The verdict was delivered on Monday, nearly eight years after the crime.
The body of 28-year-old Danielle McLaughlin was found in March 2017 on a beach popular with tourists. An autopsy confirmed that cerebral damage and constriction of the neck caused her death.
Vikat Bhagat was found guilty of the crime on Friday. McLaughlin’s family said in a statement that they and her friends were “thankful to the public prosecutor and the investigating officer for justice.”
Under Indian law, the identities of rape victims are usually not disclosed. However, McLaughlin’s family had spoken to the media to raise awareness about her case.
Goa, a popular tourist destination, attracts millions of visitors each year. The crime highlighted ongoing concerns about violence against women in India despite stricter laws introduced after the 2012 gang rape and murder of a woman on a Delhi bus.
"Today the court has given the final verdict, life imprisonment to the accused," investigating officer Filomeno Costa told ANI news agency.
McLaughlin’s lawyer, Vikas Varma, said her body was found in a forested area near Palolem Beach with multiple injuries, including some on her face.
"Nothing can compensate the loss of a child, but the sentence has diluted the grief of the family," Varma told Reuters. "It was a long battle of nearly eight years but justice has been done."
Forensic reports confirmed McLaughlin was raped, and her face was smashed with a beer bottle, apparently to hinder identification, Varma said.
Bhagat's lawyers had asked the court for leniency in sentencing, according to media reports.
India introduced stricter rape laws and fast-track courts after the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, but challenges remain.
A Reuters investigation last year showed that India had reduced its target for such courts to 790 by 2026, down from the previously planned 2,600.
Last month, a court sentenced a police volunteer to life in prison for the rape and murder of a junior doctor at a hospital in Kolkata.
McLaughlin, who held both Irish and British citizenship, had arrived in India in February 2017. She had been in the country for two weeks before her death.
She had been staying in a beach hut with an Australian friend and had attended Holi celebrations in a nearby village. A local farmer discovered her body the next day.
Her body was repatriated to Donegal with assistance from the Kevin Bell Repatriation Trust. She is buried in Buncrana, her hometown.
Farage said he would end the right to claim asylum or challenge deportation for people arriving this way by replacing current human rights laws and withdrawing Britain from refugee treaties. (Photo: Getty Images)
NIGEL FARAGE has set out plans for "mass deportations" of migrants who cross the English Channel on small boats if his Reform UK party comes to power.
Speaking to The Times on Saturday (August 23), the former Brexit campaigner said he would withdraw Britain from the European Convention on Human Rights and make agreements with Afghanistan, Eritrea and other main countries of origin to repatriate illegal migrants.
"We can be nice to people, we can be nice to other countries, or we can be very tough to other countries ... I mean (US president Donald) Trump has proved this point quite comprehensively," Farage said.
When asked if he was concerned that asylum seekers could face torture or death in countries with poor human rights records, Farage said he was more concerned about the risk he believed asylum seekers posed to people in Britain.
"I can't be responsible for despotic regimes all over the world. But I can be responsible for the safety of women and girls on our streets," he said.
In recent weeks, small-scale protests have taken place outside hotels housing asylum seekers, with public safety concerns heightened after some migrants were charged with sexual assault.
Polls show immigration and asylum are now viewed as the public’s biggest concern, slightly ahead of the economy. Reform UK, which won five seats in last year’s general election, has recently led in voting intention surveys.
Last year, 37,000 people – mainly from Afghanistan, Syria, Iran, Vietnam and Eritrea – reached Britain from France by small boats. The figure was up 25 per cent from 2023 and made up 9 per cent of net migration.
According to analysis by the University of Oxford, about two-thirds of those arriving by small boats and applying for asylum are granted it, while just 3 per cent have been deported.
Farage told The Times he would end the right to claim asylum or challenge deportation for people arriving this way by replacing current human rights laws and withdrawing Britain from refugee treaties, saying there was a national emergency.
"The aim of this legislation is mass deportations," he said, adding that a "massive crisis" caused by asylum seekers was fuelling public anger.
According to The Times, Farage’s plan includes holding 24,000 migrants in facilities on air bases at a cost of 2.5 billion pounds, and running five deportation flights daily, with deportations in the hundreds of thousands.
If those measures did not succeed, asylum seekers could be moved to Ascension Island, a British territory in the South Atlantic, which Farage said would send a symbolic message.
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Swraj Paul in his office in Caparo House in Baker Street London in November 2021
Lord Swraj Paul, who was one of the defining figures of the last half century in Indo-British relations and who was fond of saying, “I’m 100 per cent Indian and 100 per cent British,” died in hospital in London on Thursday, his family said.
Although he had been in poor health for some time, he celebrated his 94th birthday with some style on 18 February 2025 with a gala party at the Indian Gymkhana Club in London.
He was often called a “man of steel”.
One of his greatest contributions to Britain was that right till the end, he believed in manufacturing even as heavy industry was being run down across the country.
To be sure, he built the Caparo steel empire, beginning in the UK in 1968, expanding in India where he now has nearly 30 plants in the automotive sector and then establishing the Bull Moose Tube group in the United States and Canada.
But he liked the phrase, “man of steel” for another reason. He stood by Indira Gandhi, when the Indian prime minister was written off as a political force after she lost the general election in 1977. She had become hugely unpopular not only in India but also in the UK and many democracies after she imposed a state of emergency in 1975 and locked up thousands of her political opponents. Paul proved he was not a fairweather friend but someone with character – a man of steel – in continuing to express his support for the ousted prime minister when it was unfashionable to do so.
Lord Swraj Paul with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi 2015
Paying his tribute, the Indian prime minister Narendra Modi said on X: "Deeply saddened by the passing of Shri Swaraj Paul Ji. His contributions to industry, philanthropy and public service in the UK, and his unwavering support for closer ties with India will always be remembered. I fondly recall our many interactions. Condolences to his family and admirers. Om Shanti."
What brought Paul to Britain in 1966 was the desperate need to seek medical treatment for his daughter, Ambika, who was diagnosed with leukaemia. Those were the days when it was hard for Indians to get foreign currency. He believed that Mrs Gandhi cleared the bureaucratic rules for him, and for that gesture, he remained forever grateful to her. But when Ambika died in 1968, aged four, Paul and his wife, Aruna, could not face returning to India. The family then included their twin sons, Ambar and Akash, and a daughter, Anjli. Their youngest son, Angad, was born in London in 1970.
Paul would later rescue London Zoo when it was facing bankruptcy because Ambika had enjoyed seeing the animals. His loyal support for the zoo continued over the years. And it is at the zoo that Paul hosted an annual tea party for several hundred family and friends.
Paul believed Angad was the most dynamic of his children and made him chief executive of Caparo in 1996. He suffered a shattering blow when Angad died in tragic circumstances in 2015, aged only 45.
Swraj Paul with wife, Aruna
He suffered another great loss in 2022 when Aruna passed away after 65 years of marriage. He had married her within a week of meeting her in Calcutta (now Kolkata).
There was another tragedy in 1990, this time in India, when his younger brother, Surrendra Paul, was assassinated in Assam by a terrorist group called ULFA (United Liberation Front of Asom).
In 1996, Aruna became Lady Paul after her husband was given a peerage when John Major was the Tory prime minister, and took the title, Baron Paul, of Marylebone, in the City of Westminster. To friends, the down to earth Aruna remained Aruna. In 2002, Paul named a baby hippopotamus enclosure at London Zoo after his wife, who registered a mock protest: “Other people name roses after their wives but you have chosen hippos.”
“Pygmy hippos are much rarer,” he countered.
Anjli said that her mother had been very supportive of her father: “She was dependent on him for obvious things like finance and running life at a sort of a practical level. But I think emotionally he was probably more dependent on her than she was on him. He was in the limelight but he wouldn’t have had the success he’s had without her.”
Swraj Paul was born into a Hindu Punjabi family in pre-partition India in Jullunder (now Jalhandar) in Punjab on 18 February 1931.
“I was born into a manufacturing family that specialised in steel products,” Paul once told Eastern Eye in the interview at his home in London.
“My father, Payare Lal Paul, was in this business for a long time,” he added.
Lord Swraj Paul and Joginder Sanger with Arush Paul and Girish Sanger in March 2025
He was named “Swraj” – meaning independence – “because Mahatma Gandhi visited our home around the time of my birth. India was fighting for independence then.”
He was only 13 when his father died, so he was brought up by his elder brothers, Stya and Jit, who sent him to America to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he gained valuable knowledge of metallurgy. After MIT, Paul returned to India and settled in Calcutta before Ambika’s cancer diagnosis forced him to move to the UK.
He recalled that in the traumatic days after Ambika’s death, he decided to settle in the UK. His first steel plant, making tubes, was in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, which was Major’s constituency. The second was in Wales in the Ebbe Vale constituency of Michael Foot, who would become leader of the Labour party between 1980-83.
"When I started, I had very few resources, but I managed to build my first plant,” said Paul. “It was inaugurated by Prince Charles. Later, Indira Gandhi inaugurated our second plant, and we went on to establish several more in the USA, Canada and others parts of the world.”
Paul was proud – with some justification – that he stood up for manufacturing at a time when the British economy was veering towards the services sector under both Labour and Conservative governments. He showed considerable diplomatic skills in retaining cordial relations with British prime ministers of all colours. At the same time, he played a role in strengthening relations between London and Delhi, long before the phrase “living bridge” became common currency.
Lord Swraj Paul at his country home
Although London has been his home since 1966, Paul would pay an annual visit to India and make it a point to meet the prime minister, president and key ministers of the day. And senior Indian politicians – and journalists – would call on Paul when they were in London. For a while he even ran an Indian restaurant, Sujata, where he would offer hospitality to his guests. They would first get a cup of tea if they met him at the Caparo headquarters in Baker Street. He himself has always been vegetarian.
He witnessed history in both the UK and in India.
In 1966, Labour were in power with Harold Wilson as prime minister. Margaret Thatcher was prime minister from 1979 to 1990, the first woman to hold the post. She was succeeded by Major, who was ousted by the Labour leader Tony Blair, who – like Mrs Thatcher – won three successive general elections. Blair was followed by Gordon Brown, with whom Paul retained the closest friendship. Although he was initially a Labour peer, Paul later became a non-affiliated member of the Lords. In any case, the Labour party’s historic links with India withered away after the death of Foot. It was Foot who had inspired Paul to join the Labour party.
The changes in India were even more momentous. Mrs Gandhi, who was prime minister in 1966, lost the general election in 1977 but swept back to power three years later.
“During Indira Gandhi’s tenure, I was honoured with India’s highest civilian award, the Padma Bhushan, for my contributions to business, presented by President Giani Zail Singh,” he said.
Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, took over when his mother was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984. The age of global liberalisation was ushered in by Manmohan Singh in 1991 as finance minister in Narasimha Rao’s government. India’s rise as an economic power has continued under Narendra Modi who has been prime minister since 2014.
“Margaret Thatcher had a great fondness for me and often invited me for discussions,” revealed Paul. “On the Indian side, I worked with leaders ranging from Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi to Sonia Gandhi, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Inder Kumar Gujral, Giani Zail Singh, Manmohan Singh, and now Narendra Modi. I have maintained good relationships with most of them.”
Aruna and Swraj with their daughter Anjli Paul in December 2015
Many will remember the storm of protest from the domestic corporate sector in 1983 when Paul went to the Indian market and bought a large stake in two companies – Escorts Ltd and DCM (Delhi Cloth Mills). At that time Mrs Gandhi and Pranab Mukherjee, then the finance minister (and later president), were inclined to liberalise the Indian economy and invite foreign investment, especially from NRIs (Non-Resident Indians). But the government had to retreat in the face of determined opposition from the Indian corporate sector which did not want competition from outsiders.
If NRI investment had been allowed, “we would today be ahead of China”, claimed Paul.
Though he lost the battle then, Paul said subsequent events proved him right – for India was forced by the IMF to liberalise in 1991.
The challenges he faced in the UK, where the steel industry was in crisis partly because of cheap imports from China, were just as great. Manufacturing was also generally in retreat.
In October 2015, when 16 of the 20 limited companies that formed most of Caparo Group UK collapsed into administration and had to be sold, the Guardian reported: “Caparo Industries, part of the business empire of the Labour peer Lord Paul, has called in administrators in the latest blow to Britain’s steel industry.”
Looking back on how manufacturing has shrunk, Paul told Eastern Eye: “Only God knows the future of British businesses. That is why I am expanding more in the USA and in India. Last year, I visited my operations there (in the US). The UK needs more industries to ensure economic prosperity. I hope the current prime minister, Sir Keir Starmer, will take stronger measures to support British industries.”
In North America, the company, known as Caparo Bull Moose Tube, “operates from seven plants – six in the USA (Chicago, Elkhart, Gerald, Masury, Trenton and Casa Grande) and one in Canada (Burlington). Today the company offers one of the largest ranges of welded steel tubing in North America. Typical applications for Bull Moose Tube include construction, transportation, fire protection, agriculture, lawn and garden equipment plus many other engineering and household products.”
Then there is XL Specialised Trailers, which was acquired by Caparo in 2016 and is the second-largest player in the customised heavy-haul trailer market.
In the US, there is a property wing, whose projects include the boutique Angad Arts Hotel in St Louis, Missouri, commemorating his late son.
Caparo Middle East, based in Dubai, is “a distributor and trader of industrial, mechanical and electrical products”.
In Eastern Eye’s 2025 Asian Rich List, Paul was ranked 14th with £1.4bn.
He has donated generously to Wolverhampton University where he had been chancellor since 1999 and which has a business school named after him. And its students’ union and learning centre is called the Ambika Paul Building.
Professor Geoff Layer, the third vice chancellor with whom Lord Paul had worked, declared at a meeting held in the House of Lords 10 years ago: “Lord Paul has been a great ambassador for the university in the UK and around the world for a number of years. He is a hugely successful businessman who built his company from next to nothing. His story is inspiring and one our students, who will be learning about business, can take heart from in terms of him building up his business from next to nothing into a multi-million pound global operation.”
Lord Swraj Paul at his country home
His contacts have given Wolverhampton University a higher profile. It has awarded honorary degrees to former prime minister Gordon Brown, two former Indian presidents – the late A P J Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee.
He shared insights on his involvement in the London Olympics bid, stating, “I was responsible for overseeing preparations for the Olympic Games in 2012. We went to Singapore for the bid and made all the necessary arrangements with the then mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. Under the leadership of Gordon Brown and Tony Blair, we worked hard for British businesses. When Robin Cook was foreign secretary, I was appointed roving ambassador for British business.”
As a senior member of the Indian community in Britain, Paul paid tribute to Ramniklal Solanki when the latter passed away, aged 88, on 1 March 2020.
“I know that in 1968, Ramnikbhai started Garavi Gujarat from his terraced home in Wembley,” said Paul.
“We were pretty much contemporaries,” he went on. “I was born on 18 February 1931. Ramnikbhai was born four months later in Surat in Gujarat on 12 July 1931. He arrived in Britain in 1964. I arrived two years later.
“Don’t forget the much smaller Indian community then is very different from what it is today. Some Indian immigrants had come looking for work, others to study, only a few for business. It was unfortunate circumstances that brought me to Britain. So we were looking out for each other. We were all looking for people with whom we could get along. Ramnikbhai was one of those I learnt to respect.
“On one occasion, I remember going to his house for dinner. His boys, Kalpesh and Shailesh, were very small. The thing about Ramnikbhai was that he led by example. The role that he played was how to be a good human being – he was a lovely man. Ramnikbhai and I connected at a personal level. He was a great family man – that is something we had in common. It encouraged great affection and friendship.”
Swraj Paul and daughter Anjli in 2021
He hoped his children and grandchildren will safeguard his legacy.
He often enjoyed being on his 250-acre country estate in Buckinghamshire as one of the few Indians to have really taken to English country life.
“Britain has been very kind to me,” he insisted.
Like most Indian businessmen, Paul was happiest living in his central London apartment but all that changed with his estate in Buckinghamshire. Like an Indian version of Lord Emsworth from the tales of PG Wodehouse, he was captivated by the idylls of the English countryside.
He found time to admire the Copper Beeches in the afternoon sun and his vegetable garden – Lord Paul remained a vegetarian through his life – and walk in the woods. “I went through the woods once and gave up half way through. 100 acres of woods is a lot of woods. The drive from the entrance to the front door is a walk of seven eighths of a mile. I intend spending more time here in the country. It gives me the quiet which I think I deserve at my stage in life.”
The place was ideal for family gatherings.
“I have built a family and I am very proud of them,” he said.
Paul never lost his sense of humour. Until a few years ago he was the first one to arrive at his Baker Street headquarters. At a function in Leicester in 2019 where he was a receiving a life time achievement award, a friend wanted to know: “Why are you still working?”
Paul’s reply was typical: “At my age, what else can I do?”
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Keir Starmer attends the Service of Remembrance to commemorate the 80th Anniversary of VJ Day at the National Memorial Arboretum, in Alrewas, Staffordshire, Britain August 15, 2025. Anthony Devlin/Pool via REUTERS
PRIME MINISTER Keir Starmer faced renewed criticism over his immigration policies on Thursday (21) after new official figures showed asylum-seeker claims hitting a record high, with more migrants being housed in hotels compared with a year ago.
According to a regular tracker of voters' concerns, immigration has overtaken the economy as the biggest issue amid anger over the record numbers of asylum seekers arriving in small boats across the Channel, including more than 27,000 this year.
The populist Reform Party, which advocates the deportation of "illegal immigrants", is now comfortably leading in the polls, putting Starmer, who has promised to cut net immigration, under increasing pressure to tackle the issue.
However, earlier this week the government was dealt a blow when a council to the northeast of London won a temporary injunction to stop asylum seekers from being housed in a hotel where protests had erupted after one resident was charged with sexual assault.
Other councils have indicated they would also seek similar court orders, while Reform leader Nigel Farage has called for more protests.
"Labour has lost control of our borders and they're engulfed in a migration crisis," said Chris Philp, the home affairs spokesman for the main opposition Conservative party.
The new migration data showed more than 32,000 asylum seekers were housed in hotels in Britain at the end of June this year, an increase of eight per cent from the year before.
However, the total figure of just over 32,000 was 43 per cent lower than the peak of 56,042 recorded in September 2023, and slightly down compared with the previous quarterly figures in March.
Anti-immigration demonstrators display Union Jack and England flags as they gather outside the Cresta Court hotel, in Altrincham, Britain, August 8, 2025. REUTERS/Phil Noble
The figures also showed 111,000 people had claimed asylum in the year to June, up 14 per cent from the previous year and surpassing the previous peak of 103,000 recorded in 2002.
Home secretary Yvette Cooper said overall the figures showed their policies have been working since Labour took office last year, pointing to a 30 per cent increase in the returns of failed asylum seekers.
"We inherited a broken immigration and asylum system that the previous government left in chaos," she said in a statement.
"Since coming to office we have strengthened Britain’s visa and immigration controls, cut asylum costs and sharply increased enforcement and returns, as today’s figures show."
The numbers arriving on small boats - up 38 per cent in the year to June - have become the focal point for the migration issue. Critics say the public are at risk from thousands of young men coming to Britain, while pro-migrant groups say the issue is being used by far right groups to exploit tensions.
The latest figures showed of the almost 160,000 people who had arrived on small boats and claimed asylum since 2018, 61,706 had been granted some form of protection status.
Nationals from Afghanistan, Eritrea and Iran made up the largest number of such arrivals in the year to June.
While the data showed overall enforced returns were 25 per cent higher in the year to June than the previous year, it also said since 2018 only 6,313 people who arrived by small boat had been returned, four per cent of the total number of such arrivals.
Starmer's government views clearing the backlog of cases as essential to fulfilling its pledge to end the use of hotels to house asylum seekers by the end of this parliament in 2029.
Under a 1999 law, the Home Office "is required to provide accommodation and subsistence support to all destitute asylum seekers while their asylum claims are being decided".
But the use of hotels, which hit peak levels under the previous Tory government, costs Britain billions of pounds -- and they also have become flashpoints for sometimes violent protests.
Labour has said the use of migrant hotels has fallen from a high of 400 two years ago to around 230 presently.
Thursday's figures also showed that spending on asylum had fallen 12 per cent from £5.38 billion in 2023/24 to £4.76bn in 2024/25.
Starmer's government has signed several agreements with countries as it tries to break up gangs of people-smugglers facilitating the crossings.
It penned a new returns deal with Iraq this week and has struck a "one-in, one-out" pilot programme with Paris, which allows Britain to send some small-boats arrivals back to France.
(Agencies)
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Students queue to get their GCSE results at City Of London Magistrates Court on August 21, 2025. (Photo: Getty Images)
HUNDREDS of thousands of teenagers received their GCSE results on Thursday, with figures showing a slight increase in top grades but a growing number of pupils failing English and maths.
Data from the Joint Council for Qualifications showed that 21.9 per cent of entries were awarded at least grade 7 or A, up from 21.8 per cent last year. The overall pass rate at grade 4 or C fell slightly to 67.4 per cent, compared with 67.6 per cent last year, though still above pre-pandemic levels.
Among 16-year-olds, 39.8 per cent did not achieve a standard pass in English language and 41.7 per cent failed in maths, both worse than last year. More students are expected to retake exams in autumn or next year, The Times reported.
Among older students retaking exams, results were also low: only 18.2 per cent of those aged 17 or above passed maths, while 23.1 per cent passed English.
Regional disparities continued. London had the highest proportion of top grades, with 28.4 per cent at 7 or A, compared with 17.8 per cent in the northeast, the lowest performing region. London also had the highest pass rate at grade 4 or C, 71.6 per cent, down from 73.1 per cent last year.
Gender differences persisted. Girls achieved 24.5 per cent top grades, compared with 19.4 per cent for boys. The gap of 5.1 percentage points was the smallest in 25 years. At least grade 4 or C was achieved by 70.5 per cent of girls and 64.3 per cent of boys.
Ofqual figures showed 1,302 pupils achieved grade 9 in all their GCSEs, with girls making up 61.7 per cent.
Subject choices shifted, with Spanish overtaking French, and entries rising in statistics, music, business studies and physical education, while history, religious studies, English literature and single sciences saw declines.
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India's Agni 5 Missile is displayed during the final full dress rehearsal for the Indian Republic Day parade in New Delhi on January 23, 2013. (Photo: Getty Images)
India says it successfully tested Agni-5 missile from Odisha on August 20
Missile validated all operational and technical parameters
Agni-5 can carry a nuclear warhead to any part of China
INDIA on Wednesday (20) said it had successfully test-fired the Agni-5 intermediate-range ballistic missile from Odisha, with officials confirming it met all required standards.
The defence ministry said, “Intermediate range ballistic missile ‘Agni 5’ was successfully test-fired from the integrated test range, Chandipur in Odisha on August 20.”
In a statement, it added, “The launch validated all operational and technical parameters. It was carried out under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command.”
Authorities also said the missile, once operational, will be capable of carrying a nuclear warhead to any part of China.
Regional security context
India and China are regional rivals and relations worsened in 2020 after a deadly border clash.
India is also part of the Quad security alliance with the United States, Australia and Japan, which is viewed as a counter to China.
India’s neighbour and rival Pakistan also possesses nuclear weapons.
The two countries came close to war in May after militants killed 26 people in Indian-administered Kashmir, an attack India blamed on Pakistan. Islamabad denied any role.
Diplomatic ties
Despite tensions, Delhi and Beijing have taken steps to improve relations. Last October, prime minister Narendra Modi met Chinese leader Xi Jinping for the first time in five years at a summit in Russia.
Modi is expected to visit China later this month to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit.
At the same time, New Delhi’s ties with Washington have faced pressure. US president Donald Trump has asked India to stop purchasing Russian oil.
The United States has also said it will double new import tariffs on India from 25 per cent to 50 per cent by August 27 if India does not switch suppliers.
Missile programme
The Agni-5 is part of a series of indigenously developed short- and medium-range ballistic missiles designed to strengthen India’s defence posture against both Pakistan and China.