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6 The 'go-between

Lance Dunkley settled in Wolverhampton in 1955. Originally from Jamaica, he first arrived in London but was eager to make his way to the Black Country because of its name.

"At the time I didn't realise it was [because of the] mining of coal - I thought it was black people," he laughs.


"I was so happy to go to the Black Country. When I got here I didn't see any black people."

He was shocked by the overt racism he was to face.

"They would call us the niggers. Sometimes coloureds," he says.

"We thought we were in the 'mother's country', only to find out that the racism was as high as it was."

But he would go on to strike up a cordial relationship with Enoch Powell.

As a resident in his constituency, Mr Dunkley said he would act as a "go-between" for Powell and the Caribbean community.

By the time of the speech, both men were living on the same street.

"He was a nice guy before the speech," says Mr Dunkley.

"He would knock on my door and ask 'where is such and such?'"

After the speech, Mr Dunkley - already a community activist fighting against racism - refused to be intimidated by Powell's words.

"His speech was just another speech; we weren't going to flutter like the bird with one wing.

"We weren't afraid."

The only real surprise about Powell's speech was that it was so "openly said", says Newton Lyseight, whose father the Rev Dr Oliver Lyseight established Britain's first black-led church, in Wolverhampton.

"I think a lot of people were thinking like he was thinking, but it was an explosion for someone at that level to bring it into the open," he says.

"It was disturbing, but not surprising," according to Chester Morrison.

Mr Morrison, who was 17 in 1968, had arrived in Wolverhampton four years earlier.

"It was very significant because of the emphasis on the 'Tiber foaming with much blood'.

"We as youngsters had to think about what would that mean in reality and how are we prepared to deal with that," he says.

"From tolerating levels of racism, we were put in a position where we had to be more combative because we didn't quite know how the white folks would respond - in particular the skinheads at the time."

For Mr Morrison, who helped found the Afro-Caribbean Cultural Centre in Wolverhampton city centre, the speech "effectively legitimised racist behaviour".

"Many white folk felt they had a licence, because [it was said by] somebody who was well respected, because he was by no means a fool."

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Almost 300,000 families and individuals across England are now experiencing the worst forms of homelessness, including rough sleeping, unsuitable temporary accommodation and living in tents, according to new research from Crisis.

The landmark study, led by Heriot-Watt University, shows that 299,100 households in England experienced acute homelessness in 2024. This represents a 21 per cent increase since 2022, when there were 246,900 households, and a 45 per cent increase since 2012.

More than 15,000 people slept rough last year, while the number of households in unsuitable temporary accommodation rose from 19,200 in 2020 to 46,700 in 2024. An additional 18,600 households are living in unconventional accommodation such as cars, sheds and tents.

A national survey found 70 per cent of councils have seen increased numbers approaching them for homelessness assistance in the last year. Local authorities in London and Northern England reported the biggest increase.

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