UTPAL KAUL, a Hindu, has dreamt of returning to his lakeside property and peach orchard in Kashmir ever since he fled the Muslim-dominated valley three decades ago in fear of his life.
It seemed like an impossible hope until last week, when the Indian government revoked Jammu and Kashmir's special autonomy, paving the way for the 67-year-old to finally go home.
"I never thought I will see this day in my lifetime," Kaul told as he broke down in tears at his house in New Delhi.
"I may be physically here but my heart is in Kashmir."
The historian was among around 200,000 Hindus who fled the Kashmir Valley after an insurgency against Indian rule erupted in 1989.
Known as Kashmiri Pandits, they re-settled in the Hindu-dominated southern part of the state, Jammu, and other parts of India.
Many thought they would never be able to return.
The scrapping of Article 370 which was in force for seven decades means Indians across the country can now buy property in the picturesque Himalayan region.
For Kashmiri Pandits like Kaul, it offers the chance to return to a place that holds a lifetime of memories.
Kaul's five-storey home was looted and burnt down in the 1990s as a violent insurgency took hold in Kashmir, with some militants explicitly targeting the Hindu minority who had resided there for centuries.
"I was born there, my family has lived there for generations... but still I was required to prove my Kashmiri identity," he said.
He and his family were forced to salvage whatever they could and escape, he added, showing old books he has carefully kept for decades.
India's decision represents a "new dawn" for his "beloved homeland", he said.
"All will be equal in Kashmir now."
Bordered by China, India, Pakistan, and Tibet, Kashmir is a spectacularly scenic region of snow-capped peaks, vast valleys and barren plateaus.
Vivek Raina, another displaced Kashmiri Pandit living in Delhi, is haunted by the violence his family experienced when the insurgency broke out.
The 37-year-old said his uncle who stayed back in Kashmir was gunned down on the street after he defied a shutdown call by separatists.
As a child, Raina recalled being slapped by a barber in Srinagar when he asked for a haircut resembling that of an Indian rather than a Pakistani cricketer.
Despite the painful memories, the pull of Kashmir remains strong, the software engineer said.
"I am very eager to go back and contribute in some way. I am interested in beekeeping, now I see this as possible," Raina told.
But the spectre of further unrest lingers, with the main Kashmiri city of Srinagar choked by razor wire, security checkpoints and armed soldiers.
India has also imposed a communications blackout with mobile, landline and internet services cut to prevent any organised violence.
Experts have warned of a long and bloody fightback by locals who believe New Delhi is seeking to dilute the region's Muslim majority by allowing Hindus to migrate to the territory.
In 2015 India's government said it would establish gated communities for Hindu returnees with schools, hospitals and shopping areas located within the township.
But opinion is divided.
"If we are talking of integration we have to live together with our Muslim neighbours like before," said Raina.
In a region wracked by violence, it could be a long time before that ever comes to pass.
After decades spent dreaming of home, many say they are willing to wait a little longer.
"But we will definitely go and make Kashmir a part of us again," Kaul said.
(AFP)
Anti-Racism protesters come out in support of refugees outside the Cladhan Hotel on September 13, 2025 in Falkirk, Scotland. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images)
