It’s official – exposure to air pollution linked to dementia
Approximately 900,000 people in the UK suffer with dementia.
By Kimberly RodriguesAug 01, 2022
It is estimated that about 900,000 people in the UK suffer with dementia. Also, a study in The Lancet in 2018 suggested that about 60,000 of the 209,600 new cases of dementia diagnosed in the country each year could be due to poor air quality, The Times reports.
Dementia is a disabling, degenerative non-communicable disease (NCD) and a growing global issue, says the National Library of Medicine.
A UK government research group has also recently said that air pollution is likely to increase the risk of developing dementia. In fact, the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (Comeap), has given the first official recognition that air pollution damages the brain, stated The Times.
The theory that air pollution is a “likely” cause of dementia is reportedly supported by a landmark study. In effect, a total of 70 studies that analyzed how exposure to emissions affects the brain over time were reviewed before Comeap published its findings, the Guardian stated.
Additionally, a panel of government experts reportedly said, “There is evidence that air pollution, particularly particulate air pollution, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including cerebrovascular disease. These diseases are known to have adverse effects on cognitive function. It is, therefore, our view that there is likely to be a causal association between particulate air pollution and effects on cognitive function in older people.”
There is also now well-established evidence that shows that the risk of heart disease is also increased with exposure to air pollution.
The British Heart Foundation says blood vessels can be damaged when people breathe in emissions – the blood vessels become narrower and harder which increases the possibility of blood clots, heart attacks, and abnormal heart rhythms.
Speaking about the health hazards of air pollution, Friends of the Earth Scotland’s transport campaigner, Gavin Thomson is reported to have told the Daily Mail: “Today’s report from the UK government is further evidence that air pollution is devastating for human health, and it’s really worrying to see the links with dementia being strengthened.
“We have known for a long time that traffic fumes cause asthma and heart conditions, and evidence has been growing about the risk that tiny particles — from exhaust fumes, tyres and brakes — pose to our cognitive health.”
Research by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has found that wood-burning stoves produce more fine particle pollution than all the road traffic in Britain, said The Times.
Previous research shows that the minute airborne pollution particles can cause heart disease, lung cancer and respiratory conditions including asthma.
Exposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter is also considered to increase the risk of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction a type of non-obstructive coronary artery disease, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries ), enhanced propensity toward coagulation inflammation, and stroke – all of which raises the risk of cognitive decline and dementia informs The National Library of Medicine.
Experts believe that pollution particles damage blood vessels in the brain. This in turn, reduces the supply of oxygen to its cells, said The Times.
Also, some scientists are of the opinion that pollution particles may enter the brain directly when it is breathed in, and this could trigger an immune response, causing inflammation that is linked to dementia.
With regard to the recent findings, Sarah Woolnough, chief executive at Asthma + Lung UK, told The Times: “This report is yet further evidence that the dirty air we breathe into our lungs every day has a significant impact on our health. Not only does it cause lung conditions like lung cancer and trigger conditions like asthma, but it’s becoming ever more clear that it also contributes to dementia and heart disease.
“This is a public health emergency that is affecting people from the cradle to the grave, and that’s why as a charity we’re urging the government to commit to tougher legal limits in October 2022 which will curb the levels of the most harmful form of air pollution to human health (PM2.5) by 2030, rather than current proposals which delay compliance until 2040.”
PM2.5 is formed of airborne particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres (about a twentieth of the breadth of a human hair). The sources of PM2.5 include fossil fuels. According to the WHO it is the single largest environmental threat to health, informs The Times.
Sarah adds, “As the evidence relating to the health effects of air pollution continues to grow, we cannot risk forcing another generation to grow up breathing dangerous air that is harming their lungs and future health.”
LORD NORMAN TEBBIT, the former cabinet minister who introduced the controversial “cricket test” to question the loyalty of migrants, has died at the age of 94. The test, later known as the “Tebbit Test,” suggested that immigrants who supported cricket teams from their countries of origin instead of England were not fully integrated into British society. His death was confirmed on Monday by his son, William, who asked for privacy for the family.
Tebbit first spoke about the test in 1990 as a Conservative MP. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, he said, “A large proportion of Britain's Asian population fail to pass the cricket test. Which side do they cheer for? It’s an interesting test. Are you still harking back to where you came from or where you are?”
The comments drew criticism from migrant communities and the media. Tebbit later defended his stance in 2005 following the July 7 bombings in London, which involved suspects of Pakistani heritage. Speaking to the Today programme, he said, “We have generated home-grown bombers; a combination of the permissive society together with a minority population deeply rooted in its own moral code.” He added that better inner-city schooling could have helped integration.
In 2014, Tebbit said his views had changed. In an interview with the BBC, he praised British Asian players for energising cricket and said it helped them feel part of the nation. “Not only that, but it encourages the generations of British-born Asians to feel part of the nation – and those of long British ancestry to welcome them into our team,” he said.
He also suggested a new test for migrants based on whether their ancestors fought for the UK during World War II.
Tebbit served as MP for 22 years, held senior roles in government, and retired from the House of Lords in 2022. He was injured in the 1984 IRA bombing in Brighton, which paralysed his wife. Tributes were led by Rishi Sunak and Priti Patel, who described him as a “titan” and a “giant” of Conservative politics.
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Air India's Boeing 787-8 aircraft, operating flight AI-171 to London Gatwick, crashed into a medical hostel complex shortly after take-off from Ahmedabad on June 12.
Fuel to both engines of the Air India flight was cut off seconds before the crash
A pilot was heard questioning the other over the cut-off; both denied initiating it.
The Dreamliner crashed shortly after take-off from Ahmedabad, killing 260 people.
Investigators are focusing on fuel switch movement; full analysis may take months.
FUEL control switches to both engines of the Air India flight that crashed shortly after takeoff were moved from the "run" to the "cutoff" position seconds before the crash, according to a preliminary investigation report released early Saturday.
The report, issued by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), did not draw conclusions or assign blame for the June 12 crash, but stated that one pilot was heard asking the other why he had cut off fuel. The second pilot replied that he had not.
The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner was on its way from Ahmedabad in western India to London when it crashed, killing 260 people. Among the dead were 241 of the 242 people on board and 19 people on the ground.
Switches moved one after another
The 15-page report said that after the aircraft reached its top recorded speed, "the Engine 1 and Engine 2 fuel cutoff switches transitioned from RUN to CUTOFF position one after another with a time gap of 01 sec".
"In the cockpit voice recording, one of the pilots is heard asking the other why did he cutoff. The other pilot responded that he did not do so," the report stated.
The aircraft quickly lost altitude following the switch movement.
The switches then returned to the "RUN" position, and the engines appeared to regain power. However, "one of the pilots transmitted 'MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY'," the report said.
Air traffic controllers asked the pilots what was wrong, but soon observed the crash and alerted emergency responders.
Investigation focused on fuel switches
Earlier this week, specialist website The Air Current reported that the probe had "narrowed its focus to the movement of the engine fuel switches", while also stating that a complete analysis may take several months or more. It added that the focus of the investigation could still change.
According to the AAIB report, the US Federal Aviation Administration had issued an information bulletin in 2018 about "the potential disengagement of the fuel control switch locking feature".
The issue was not considered an "unsafe condition" requiring a more serious directive, and Air India told investigators it had not conducted the suggested inspections as they were "advisory and not mandatory".
Air India was found to be compliant with all airworthiness directives and alert service bulletins on the aircraft, the report noted.
The bureau said there were "no recommended actions to B787-8 and/or GE GEnx-1B engine operators and manufacturers", indicating that there were no immediate technical concerns with either the aircraft or the engines.
The AAIB said the investigation is ongoing and that further evidence and information have been "sought from the stakeholders".
Boeing said in a statement that it would "continue to support the investigation and our customer", adding, "our thoughts remain" with those affected by the crash.
Air India stated that it was "working closely with stakeholders, including regulators".
"We continue to fully cooperate with the AAIB and other authorities as their investigation progresses," the airline said in a statement posted on X.
Passenger details and international assistance
The UN's International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requires that a preliminary report be submitted within 30 days of an accident by the country leading the investigation.
Investigators from the United States and the United Kingdom have also joined the probe.
The aircraft was carrying 230 passengers — including 169 Indian nationals, 53 British citizens, seven Portuguese nationals and one Canadian — along with 12 crew members.
Dozens of people on the ground were also injured.
One British passenger survived and was seen walking out of the wreckage. That person has since been discharged from hospital.
Initial figures released by health officials in Gujarat put the death toll at 279, but forensic experts later revised the number after identifying multiple scattered and severely burnt remains.
(With inputs from agencies)
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The Indian Navy and Coast Guard have consistently reported Chinese research vessel presence. (Representational image: Getty Images)
A Chinese research vessel was detected operating in the Bay of Bengal near Indian waters while attempting to conceal its presence by disabling its Automatic Identification System (AIS), according to a report by The Economic Times, citing French maritime intelligence firm Unseenlabs.
The French company conducted a 16-day satellite-based survey tracking ships through radio frequency emissions. It monitored 1,897 vessels, with 9.6 per cent showing no AIS activity, indicating attempts to avoid detection. The survey raised concerns amid increased Chinese activity in the region.
One Chinese research ship drew attention due to its repeated presence in the Indian Ocean and proximity to areas of recent naval operations. “While not broadcasting AIS, its RF signature was consistent and traceable, enabling our systems to monitor its movement over several days … We suspect that this prominent Chinese research vessel was likely operating with strategic intent,” the report quoted Unseenlabs.
The company said the vessel was likely engaged in seafloor mapping, acoustic environment analysis, and identifying submarine transit corridors—activities that can support surveillance and anti-submarine warfare operations.
The Indian Navy and Coast Guard have consistently reported Chinese research vessel presence. In this instance, the vessel was in international waters, 120 nautical miles from Indian military zones.
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(From left) Malcolm Anderson (RHS, head of sustainability) Clare Matterson (RHS director general), Lorraine Bishton (Subaru UK and Ireland, managing director) Andrew Ball (director, Big Fish Landscapes) Mike McMahon and Jewlsy Mathews with the medals
BRITISH Asians are being encouraged to take up gardening by a couple who have won a record five medals at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Hampton Court Palace Garden Festival.
“It’s a contemporary reimagining of a traditional walled garden, highlighting the British and Irish rainforests,” said Jewlsy Mathews, who was born in Britain of parents from Kerala, a southern Indian state known for its lush vegetation.
Mathews, partner in a design studio set up by her Irish husband Mike McMahon, made her debut at the Chelsea Flower Show last year. The balcony and container garden submitted with her husband won a gold medal.
It was one of three gardens “pre-selected” for viewing by King Charles and Queen Camilla.
This year at Hampton Court, their show garden was visited by Sophie, the Duchess of Edinburgh.
Its jali wall is “inspired by some fine examples of India’s exquisite architecture”.
The circular structure inspired by jali screens in India
Speaking after being awarded five medals at Hampton Court, Mathews told Eastern Eye: “This is the first time a garden has ever received all the RHS judges’ awards. It’s a contemporary reimagining of a traditional walled garden, highlighting the British and Irish rainforests. They used to cover 20 per cent of the UK, and now it’s dwindled down to one per cent, so we really wanted to highlight the importance of these landscapes and their beauty.”
She explained their medals tally: “We got a gold for the garden, and then we won the best construction award, the best show garden award, and with that, we won the Tudor Rose award. That’s a prize not given every year. It’s for exceptionally high point scoring by the judges. Our gold was a very high gold rather than borderline gold. The Tudor Rose wasn’t given last year. It’s only given some years, so it’s an infrequent award.”
She added: “Probably the one that means the most to us is we also got the environmental innovation award.”
Last year Mathews explained her family connection with Kerala: “My mum and my dad are both from Kerala. My mum, Lucy Mathews Payyanat, was from Kanjirappally. My dad, Jose Mathews Payyanat, is from Champakulam which is near Alleppey (Alappuzha).” Jewlsy and her husband, have a flat in Ernakulam, near Cochin, in Kerala, which they visit regularly.
Their London apartment has two balconies, where they have created the effect of a small jungle, called a “junglette”, which they sought to reproduce at Chelsea.
The garden at Chelsea was also a tribute to her mother who passed away in September 2023. Mathews and her husband were in Kerala when they heard their submission for Chelsea had been accepted, news they were happy to share with their mother before she passed away.
Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh, at the garden
Some of the stones used in Hampton Court this year have come from her father’s garden, and “will be returned to him when the festival is over”, said Mathews.
McMahon said that “you would normally have a solid brick wall around your garden with a door through it. Here we used a jali wall, which is common in India. The way the brick is stacked we let light through, which creates dappled light on the forest floor, similar to what you would have in a forest. But then the holes in the brick also act as one big, giant, insect hotel, which promotes nature and biodiversity. The brick wall is incredibly complicated as a structure. That’s why we won the best construction award.
“And at the front, in lieu of having a door, which you would normally have, we have water as the threshold into the garden instead.”
At Chelsea last year, McMahon recalled, “we used jungle type plants. All the plants here (at Hampton Court) are native to either Britain or Ireland. You can see a massive big tree trunk. Its purpose is to guide your eyes upwards, so you start looking at all those plants growing on the trees. And we have lots of ferns growing on top of the garden wall called polypodies.”
Their Hampton Court garden – it’s supported by Subaru UK and Ireland – has incorporated Silver Birch, Scots Pine, Fox Gloves, Devil’s Bit Scabious, and the Common Polybody, a tough evergreen fern with leathery, deep cut fronds.
“This is only the second garden we have designed,” revealed McMahon. “The judges were very, very impressed. I said to them neither of us has any formal training in horticulture. We just read a lot of books on plants.”
Meanwhile, his wife’s message to British Asians, other than to take up gardening, was to treat their garden or a balcony – “whatever outdoor space you have” – as an extra room to the house.
“Sometimes this gets forgotten because people concentrate on the inside of the house,” she said. “Actually, it’s another room which bring you more joy than people give credit for. There are so many barren balconies in cities. As we saw with our garden (at Chelsea) last year, it’s such an opportunity to create extra space.”
She went on: “It’s really a space for contemplation and quiet and reflection, and all the things that make us well minded and healthy. When you walk into such a space, you’re not like, ‘Oh gosh, I’ve got to do the laundry and the housework, all sorts of life clutter. It’s where you can be calm and still.”
They have given advice to people on how they can make their own rainforest garden. They have offered such tips as: incorporate layers like a rainforest; create a moist, humid microclimate; use native species; encourage wildlife; and let nature be the designer.
The couple display their medals
Mathews said: “We have used 13 different kinds of fern.”
She drew attention to the mushrooms that had started to appear in the dark corners of the garden.
The couple say in a formal note: “The design embraces the full vertical potential of the space, with planting structured across forest-like layers: ground, understory, and canopy. Epiphytes grow on and through tree trunks and the perforated jali wall, while a planted trough crowns the top of the wall. Oxalis acetosella and Polypodium vulgare are trained to grow up the sculptural fallen logs, reinforcing the sense of a forest reclaiming its own. Plants emerge from crevices, spill through openings, and root on vertical surfaces— mirroring how nature slowly takes over ruins. This immersive, layered planting celebrates the sculptural variety and form of native ferns, using them as both structural and textural elements throughout the garden .”
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One of the largest gatherings was filmed on a beach at Point Clear
Ladybird swarms reported across Essex and Suffolk coastal towns
Hot weather likely driving the sudden surge in population
Sightings include Point Clear, Shoebury, Clacton and Felixstowe
Similar outbreaks occurred in 1976 during another hot UK summer
Sudden surge in ladybird numbers across the southeast
Millions of ladybirds have been spotted swarming towns and villages along the Essex coast, with similar sightings stretching into Suffolk. Residents have reported unusually high numbers of the red and black-spotted insects, particularly near coastal areas, with the recent hot weather believed to be a major contributing factor.
One of the largest gatherings was filmed on a beach at Point Clear, a village near St Osyth in Essex, where the insects could be seen piling on top of each other on driftwood and plants.
Sightings have also been reported in Shoebury, Clacton, Felixstowe, and Lowestoft, with many locals surprised by the sheer volume of insects.
Locals share surprise at ‘millions’ of beetles
A local resident from St Osyth described the scene:
“There were just millions of them. I was just in shock, really, because I've never seen that many ladybirds all together at once. There was loads flying about. One landed on my face, and other ones were landing on my dogs."
The insects, which belong to the beetle family Coccinellidae, appeared to cluster in warm areas along the coast, particularly on wood, vegetation, and man-made objects on the beach.
Link to high temperatures and past infestations
This summer is shaping up to be one of the hottest on record in the UK, with temperatures forecast to reach 34°C in some parts over the weekend. June 2025 was already recorded as England’s warmest June ever, and the second hottest UK-wide since records began in 1884, according to the Met Office.
Hot summers have previously caused surges in ladybird numbers. In 1976, a prolonged heatwave led to an infamous nationwide infestation. According to the British Entomological and Natural History Society, an estimated 23 billion ladybirds swarmed southern and eastern England that year.
Species information and identification
While the ladybirds currently being seen are believed to be native red species, they are occasionally confused with the Asian lady beetle, which was introduced to the UK in 2004. The Asian species, originally used in North America to control aphids, has since established itself in parts of Britain.